Fine art of Kazakhstan

Shades and dynamics the international relations

It is well known that the art has unique property – “to tell” to the world about the people, which has created it. About a history, present, mentality, social device and other. And the fine art, as against cinema, literature, theatre, practically does not require the interpreters, appeals to especially visual mutual understanding.

Post-Perestroika’s history of mutual relation of the Kazakhstan artists with distant and near foreign countries, evolution and the transformation of this phenomenon is a subject of this article.

The reasons for such statement of a question are a few. First, the Kazakhstan art (both national, and professional) in the best displays has a high and original aesthetic level. In a joke of art-expert that of Kazakhstan can brag of three riches – petroleum, copper and art – there is only share of a joke, all the rest is truth. Secondly, the Kazakhstan artists, contacting with the colleagues from other countries, receive an opportunity of the comparative analysis and, as a consequence, opportunity of the further growth. Only in comparison it is possible to understand the advantages and lacks, to protect first and to get rid of second. And, thirdly, ours creative “invasions” abroad were never examined as the whole phenomenon. The information on foreign exhibitions is not systematized, is not traced and is not subjected to an understanding. That is not fair.

Let’s try, as far as possible, to fill this blank in our consciousness. As an initial material the conversations with the artists and organizers of trips, publication in the Kazakhstan and foreign press, catalogues of exhibitions, photo and video materials have served.

At first, the background. At the Soviet authority, when Kazakhstan was one of fifteen brotherly republics, the arrangement on a cultural exchange was conducted extremely at an intergovernmental level. It is possible to assume that the cultural program, most likely, had not independent importance, and decorated, framed the political and economic agreements that were meaningful for republic. Kazakhstan was submitted by exhibitions of national decorative - applied art, more often. The executors of State order - State museum of arts named after Kasteev, or Management of art exhibitions of the Ministry of culture, or Union of the artists of Kazakhstan - took out more or less richly decorated yurts with tekemets, symaks, baskurs, wooden and leather products, silver female ornaments, horse harness. Externally all looked decently: the care of national traditions was observed, a variety of materials and forms were demonstrated, the interaction of tradition with today came to light.

Unfortunately, behind a side of attention there were basic qualities of national art: organic connection with ideology of nomads, semantic fullness symbolism of ornamental language, philosophy of nomads, coded in plastic and rhythms of the image. As the main advantages of applied art were considered aesthetic expressiveness and conditionality financially – household by foundations of the nomadic people. So, we presented ourselves as the uncivilized people, “which loves a nature and earth”. And being not confused, we were content with such modest role.

Even more primitive image of Kazakhstan was formed at exhibitions representing easel art of ?? century - painting, diagram, and sculpture.

Question – who from the artists will represent of Kazakhstan in foreign countries – was not sharp. In account some factors undertook. Main – the republic in a prism of art should look social – optimistically and thematically various. At an exhibition at the obligatory order there should be regional landscapes with signs urbanite and industrial achievement of new-buildings, petroleum towers, combines on boundless virgin soil fields.

Of course – by the subject – thematic pictures with joyful image of labour everyday lives and holidays. It was impossible to do without portraits – vigorous leaders of the manufacture, which has executed and over executed all plans and the obligation.

In selection of concrete products was engaged republican committee of exhibitions, sensitively ruled by Government of Union of the artists, Ministry of culture and department of culture of Central Committee of the Communist party. Only the loyal authorities the artists, certainly, members of creative union got in the list of the authors. The raised checkpoint mark was for the winners of the State premiums, National artists and Deserved figures of arts. As perspective, two, or three young authors were supposed.

The art advantages of pictures, graphic sheets, sculptural compositions, certainly, were taken into account, but was far from being first of all. Talents, creative search, originality of performance were as though welcomed in words. In reality, the sent abroad exhibitions were filled by the false raised images of earth and people, where the sun eternally shines, the men smile, where spread out fruitful fields. By exhibitions, we basically could not have unhappy people, bad weather, and other intelligentsia’s reflections. Such we wanted to look in front of the brotherly and friendly countries. Such we also looked. For support of exhibitions abroad were supposed even the artists only after difficult and multistage check on loyalty which is carried out by competent bodies or officials of a high rank.

So, the conclusion: organizers of exhibitions of the Soviet Kazakhstan art for foreign display troubled just extremely political problems. The creative, art originality of the Kazakhstan art remained a personal care of the real foremen, who made the way even on republican “internal” exhibitions not without effort.

Therefore the attitude to our art abroad was polite faultless. Also, however, as well as to whole republic, whose government rigidly depends on dictatorship of Moscow.

Post-Perestroika’s change mentioned all spheres of our life, were reflected also in a question interesting for us. The foreign exhibitions initiated by state structures, gradually become more and more “art” and less ideologicalized. For example, for Israel (t. Ramagan) there leaves an exhibition of painting by R. Nurkeev and sculpture E. Kazaryan, and in England (London) – exhibition of painting by A. Berkasov. All three – young and talented authors, found the handwriting in art, so it is not a shame to show their works to the people, as it is spoken. Within the framework of Days of culture of Alma-Ata in Moscow, akimat of southern capital and Museum named after A. Kasteev have shown three worthy exhibitions at once.

The "Russian avant-garde from funds of a State Museum of arts of Kazakhstan", amazed the Moscow connoisseurs by loud names of avant-garde artists of beginning of XX century - O. Rozanova, Redko, Shevtchenko, Tyshler, N. Altman, whose pictures belong to so removed from Moscow (who could think!) Kazakh museum.

The "Forty pictures by Sergei Kalmykov" was named in Moscow "super exhibition" and had enormous success. The proof can serve the fact that the right of its exhibiting was challenged by the best Russian exhibition halls - "Manedzh" and Museum of art of the peoples of East. "Manedzh" has won due to the given more convenient hall of so-called "elite" exhibitions. It is important to note that the exhibition of S. Kalmykov has the important consequences - on its material a name of this "space" (V. Butchinskaya) artist is included in a Calendar of memorials of 2001 and in the large monographic research devoted to the suprematism (author Shatskikh).

The third exposition in Moscow "Contemporary artists of Almaty" represented bright names of our art stage: Khairullin, Isu, G. Madanov, B. Bapishev and others.

The pleasure from so solid art representation in Moscow could not sadden even very modest advertising, for which, as always, there sent no money.

Thus, by the end of the first decade of the sovereignty of Kazakhstan, our state bodies ruling the culture, leave from dismay and hibernation of the first years, make active policy of a cultural exchange, begin to care of the qualitative party of exhibitions – one and only serious criterion working for positive image of the young state.

Besides a state line (exhibitions organized “from above”) there is other, more dynamical and productive form of propagation of our cultural values (activated “from below” – by the artists, curators, owners of galleries).

Here’s a history conducting readout from beginning of the 90s years of the last century.

With the announcement of the sovereignty, last traces “iron curtain” have disappeared; the borders on all four parties have opened. Our artists, being in complete reliance, that “ the abroad will help us”, have rushed to conquer the distant countries. Rich Europe and America looked like a promised land, where we are waited by recognition, by honours and award. Covered by euphoria, not knowing foreign languages and, mainly, laws we signed the contracts “not looking”. For what have paid – set of pictures and exhibitions were forever remained in USA, France, Holland. Trusting to the oversea managers, the artists agreed on any, frequently enslaving conditions. An idea that they’re used, as well as all Kazakhstan, as profitable raw sources, has come much later.

Other artists acted even more carefree: not having any contracts or invitations, hastily sold the apartments and workshops, and went to conquer Canada, USA, Greece, and Germany. All emigrants were warmed by secret hope, turning into reliance – “ there will estimate my talent by advantage!” Not everyone, but many from the left, soon sadly have returned back. It was found out that in the distant countries it is extremely difficult to the visitant to be entered in the organized model art of the market, that the places of “geniuses” everywhere are engaged. The traumas here were deeper than regret about loss of pictures. Instead of glory and money the complexes and severe disappointments, sometimes – moral and financial collapse are received.

In the relations with abroad there was also other extreme. Owners of galleries, the artists, art-experts, by visiting there, came back with proof dislike of all foreign. America was announced “soulless”, Europe – “rotted through”, contemporary art – “degenerating”. Unwillingness and incapability to understand the complex design of world art-stage declined to easier ways; it was persistently formed proud myth of our self-sufficiency and high spiritness, not requiring of any foreign experience. One more impasse – supercilious self-respect, fraught by prospect hermetism and provinciality here was designated.

Comprehension that true, as always, lies in the middle has come gradually. That the dialogue and integration in global space are important. That it is long labour and consuming process. That notorious globalization is an objective factor, which should “be tried on self ”. Differently, it gives some light the “light way of Turkmenistan”, where, as they say being afraid of unreliability, even the opera theatre is forbidden.

The political and economic changes in Kazakhstan promoted democratically guided, more free, than at the neighbours on region, development of art and, especially, of its urgent direction. Just the greatest “breaks” of our artists into the international cultural space are connected to this. Here it means the art having only English terminological “label” – contemporary art. At our region that is not too correct, but variously named actual, radical, contemporary art. In all uncertainty of Russian definitions, let us say that the speech will be about art designated in Kazakhstan in the beginning of 90s, and since then, on increasing, taking more places in culture. A formal attribute of this art is use new, is more often than not painting-graphic technologies. These are performances, installations, actions, video and media art. You see, to say strictly, landscape in Shishkin’s style, written the day before yesterday in foothills of Zailiiski Alatau, is too “contemporary” art. But the artist of actual direction does not want any, even very prestigious and commercially favourable line of art of the past. He wants to experiment, to invent unknown and non-standard art images quite often shocking and always stirring a society.

About consecutive and purposeful steps of the Soros Centre of Contemporary art - Almaty, supporting innovations in art, many times was spoken: by their invitation there came to us the “advanced” theorists and practice of contemporary art; from us in many countries of the world were dispatched the videocassettes and catalogues, representing the new artists of Kazakhstan.

In result from abroad has become to be felt some informal interest of the people, whose trade is to trace the perspective artists. Apotheosis of 1999 have become:

  • Tremendous success of performances of group “Kyzyl Traktor ” in Lithuania and Slovenia.
  • First in a history of art of Kazakhstan participation on 6th Istanbul Biennial of the projects of ?. and V. Vorobiev "Farewell of classics with the people" and "Light in the end".
  • Updating prestigious in the world Collection of nonconformist art of Norton Dodge (USA) by fifty-two works of the Kazakhstan authors.

About the collection "Art of non-conformists from the Soviet Union" I'll tell more detailed. The owner of it Norton Dodge - economist by education - had professional contacts to USSR from middle of the 50s years. Having special intuition, unbanal taste and political insight, from beginning of the 60s years he buys works Moscow-Leningrad nonconformists. Keenness, sequence and the big money have allowed him to make the best in the world collection including more than 10.000 products and more than 900 names of the "anti-Soviet" art in its completeness and variety. The authors here are submitted as "star" names - I. Kabakov, Tselkov, E. Belutin, E. Bulatov, V. Komar and Melamid, and less known, but brought their contribution in "other art ". Gradually collector has begun to interest a remote areas of "Empires of Evil": Ukraine, Baltic countries, Caucasus and, from recent time, Central Asia. Being middle-aged, mister Dodge sends the residents to those regions. In particular, in Kazakhstan, some times came art-expert Jane Sharp - great professional precisely understanding the task and able to solve it competently. Due to her, the collection of mister Dodge has replenished with names of the Kazakhstan creative freethinking. S. Kalmykov, P. Zaltzman, Sh. Sariev, R. Khalfin, S. Maslov, the "Green Triangle", - altogether 25 authors are on display with their works in Zimmerly Museum of University Rutgers of New Jersey, in seventy kilometers from New York. May 12, 2001 the section of the Central-Asian art was officially open for the spectators. In comparison with Russian nonconformists, ours authors look less political. If the Russians were directly engaged in criticism of Soviet system, exposed falsity of art of socialist realism, Kazakhstanians stated the same feelings by the way of "exchanging words" through a head of official art with Filonov, Sterligov, Malevich, Shagal, going deep in problems of form-creating.

Except for natural pride from presence of “ours” in a so serious collection, it has become obvious that the contemporary (actual) art of Kazakhstan was born not on an empty place, and, as it is necessary, have the solid predecessors, history and background.

These events helped to realize that the artists little by little open Kazakhstan to the countries where people frequently couldn’t hear about us.

Further. Many remember that the end of 90s was the time of extraordinary activity of “internal” art life, the time of “tempest and rush” – the appreciable events occurred almost each week. Last years the art activity inside republic has gone on a loss, but the performances of our actual artists on the international exhibitions, symposiums, seminars have become frequent. There was, some kind of output in open space. The trips abroad have double sense. On the one hand, to show yourself, on another hand – as a rule, to look at the people. And at the same time, to see the art by the discharged eyes of Another. To compare, to confront, to understand where to move further.

Here’s the list of trips of recent time confirming that “Hurrah! We rush… the Swede kneels”:

  • Russia, Samara - two international plain-airs "Province. Between East and West" with participation of the Russian, German and Kazakhstan artists. (From Kazakhstan - R. Khalfin, S. Maslov, G. Tryakin-Bukharov, G. and Z. Madanov, E. Meldibekov, E. and V. Vorobiev).
  • Italy, Rome - exhibition " Neo-classic art of XX century", where E. Meldibekov has made performance "Crucifixion".
  • Germany, Stuttgart – international curator’s project “Environment of daily occurrence”, within the framework of which S. Maslov, D. Nasyrova and L. Shakeizhanova have carried out the action “East is the thin matter”.
  • Moldova, Old Arkhei - international practical seminar "Invasion" with participation of Poland, Germany, Russia, Kazakhstan. E. Meldibekov has represented the installation "Pol Pot, part 6", and V. Demidov - his performance "Tree of life".
  • Russia, Moscow – at the exhibition “Art Moscow. The Eurasian zone” has paid serious attention to videofilm by R. Khalfin “Northern barbarians. Lover Races”.
  • Spain, Valencia – 1st Valencia Biennial, where was demonstrated the same videofilm by R. Khalfin
  • Germany, Munich – exhibition of painting and diagrams by E. Vorobieva.
  • Austria, Oberwart – exhibition of painting by E. Vorobieva.
  • Sweden, Malmo - art-seminar "Parts of World (Light)", on which E. and V. Vorobiev have represented the photos and video projects.
  • France, Daxe – and
  • Austria, Langelois - A. Malgazhdarov and Yu. Sorokina have represented the interactive project "Kazakhstan dream".
  • Germany, Weimar – seminar on contemporary art, where Yu. Sorokina read lecture about an art situation in Kazakhstan.
  • Turkey, Istanbul – personal exhibition of objects by G. Tryakin-Bukharov.
  • Indonesia, Dzhokia Kharta - at the international exhibition "Asia yesterday, today, tomorrow" were represented the works of K. Ibragimov, E. Meldibekov, D. Zhanabaev.
  • Japan, Tokyo - festival of the young authors - performances by K. Ibragimov.
  • Austria, Vienna – tour of group “ Kyzyl Traktor” has acquainted the spectators and art public with the creativity.
  • Austria, Linz - Yu. Sorokina together with Austrian artist A. Migl carried out the project "Yurta".
  • Czechia, Prague - scientific-practical conference "Art and politics", on which from Kazakhstan V. Ibraeva has made the report "Art situation in contemporary Central Asia", E. Meldibekov has demonstrated videofilm "Pastan", and videofilm by Z. Sultanbaeva and A. Akmullaev "Asian Route".
  • Russia, Odessa - plain-air of the actual art "Stain", where were participating E. and V. Vorobiev with photo-installation "Provincial hole", and M. Sagitov with his videofilm "Press-clippings".

I underline that by this extensive list the fact of the international recognition and absolute solvency of the Kazakhstan actual art does not affirm. Affirms only that the process of adaptation of our artists to world art goes by a complete course and has quite good quantitative parameters.

Now about quality. Here are two questions.

First – how does the foreign spectator perceive us?

The indirect attributes allow answering it positively. Thus: let’s remind that it is impossible to get on the international art event now by the order. Invited one and only that author or collective, whose creative ideas and form of submission answer the high requirements of the organizers of event. Their experience and knowledge, undoubtedly, allow quickly to distinguish out-of-date receptions, stamps, compilation, and pursuit of a style and – mercilessly to ignore the founders of the creations.

Besides almost each departure of our artists abroad has continuation as the new invitations, reminding chain reaction. Even more often and more benevolent responds about us all the most experienced foreign press – magazine “Bildende Kunst” in Germany, magazine “Kuojturos baraj” in Lithuania, newspaper “Art and fact” and “Khudozhestvennyi Zhurnal” in Russia, etc.

The conclusion – in creativity of our artists is a certain self-value attracting as well international curators, as mass-mediators.

Now we come to the second important question –what we present ourselves? What we try to tell to the world?

Disorder of USSR has warded the Kazakhstan art off its habitual movement in a brotherly Russian way. Together with a finding of the state sovereignty, there was a necessity of self-identification for art. On an internal stage this problem was felt, but not too is sharp. In export variant, the Kazakhstan artist, without dependence from a national belonging, acted not only on its own behalf, but also on behalf of the state. If there were not the inflation of this word, – such position is possible to call “patriotic”.

The belonging to Kazakhstan is read at several levels:

        Direct inclusion in an art image of subjects of a national life, shaman ritual gestures, samples of applied art, musical tools and others relics from a heritage of the Kazakhs and Turks. Most openly and in kind of ethnography, this method is used by “Kyzyl Traktor”, charmingly civilized Europe with exotic performances, where the spirits of ancestors and spell of natural forces are caused; here beat tambourines, strew the spectators by grains of wheat, smoke a steppe grass, expel of malicious spirits. In the project “Music for goats” by Z. and G. Madanov animals walked about among photos of original shamans. V. Demidov in the action “Tree of life” has visualized mission of the Creator, imperious above Time – has torn off a little autumn tree its leaves, and has imposed on a branch multicoloured, silver, gold ribbons-appeals.

        The gallery "Kokserek", whose aesthetics is formulated by K. Ibragimov, in the products materialized "western" sight on us. Namely - made up to rigid grotesque, an image of unrestrained, unpredictable east barbarian. So, at Art Forum in Berlin he drove in wooden yoke E. Meldibekov, having brightly expressed picturesque "steppe" appearance. The bloody actions of "Kokserek" in the Moscow House of the artist - with three-multiple killing of the cock, sacrifice of the ram, drinking of freshen blood - all this there were attempts to prove to the West illegitimacy of the arrogant attitude to the East.

        E. Meldibekov in the multiserial photo and video project "Pol Pot" by means of especially eastern images (head of the people alive dug in sand, head of the people included in pyramids of stones) sends us to all-human tragedy, to a problem of the violence which has overflow XX century. The same author offers also output from impasse of a history. He sees rescue in a human brotherhood. In performance "Kiss" the Kazakh, shining with gold teeth, with brightly expressed eastern appearance, kisses blond and toothless German girl. Then her smile becomes dazzling "gold".

        New sight on the Kazakh history, the using of ancient myths and legends, alerting of them, quite often conscious falsification in style of Fomenko and Agja attract the most intelligently liberated Kazakhstan authors. R. Khalfin makes erotic-sensual, stylish videofilms of a cycle "Steppe barbarians" (so Chinese named nomads). "Groom and bride" - pre-conjugal game of the young man with the girl, loss of virginity through kerege of yurt, because, as in a legend, without this "barrier" it was forbidden for them to see each other by rules of the kin. "Lover Races" - plot peeped on ancient Chinese engravings and "materialized" for video shootings about the sexual act between the man and the woman on a back of the skipping horse. In installation "Art and communications", carried out in Stuttgart by S. Maslov on the smooth party of the mutton skins there were written in old-German language as though ancient Kazakh pseudo-treatises, which roughly and sensually should remind to Germans those far times when their ancestors - Goths and Vandals destroyed the Roman empire. Here it is possible to attach an installation by S. Maslov "Baikonur-2", where Kazakh yurt turned to Aliens' memoirs on the space ships, once landed there in our steppes.

        One more level which is not including in art product a visible realities of Kazakhstan, but is truly easterly combining in itself naivety - innocence with irony, simplicity with complexity, inner sense with external clearness. Such approach is possible to be seen in the photoproject of E. and V. Vorobiev "Provincial hole", where has reasoned the similarity black cavern entrances in catacombs nearby Samara and holes in rural street loos. Externally innocent, like with a roll in social problems, really this project hides a sneer above trying of Samara to be the second Capital of Russia, where to all visitors by all means are shown the bunker of Stalin, places of stay of Repin, etc. In their project "Dolce Vita", the vast letters of the text on a wall of a collective farm (Kolkhoz) restaurant were executed from sticky tapes - flies-catchers. The flies in such institutions probably - invisible and buzzing creatures have not slowed down to stick round offered them "sweet life". The workers of a restaurant have estimated the project not so much with art, but to the practically - useful side, and promised after the expiration of the validity of the "Dolce Vita" to lay out the text "Bon appetite". The interactive thing, by one word.

So, all this proves that the West and Russia begin to see in our artists the desired interlocutors talently telling about the country, history, modernity, present. This dialogue – learning – is interesting to them. We are attractive and, first of all, by that, apparently, our navel-string is not cut and connects the man with a history, earth and natural life.

By convincing confirmation to that may serve the exhibition of Central-Asian contemporary art, past in March 2002 in the Berlin House of world cultures - "No mad's land". In translation of the name is conducted the pun by meanings "Nomad land" or "no mad land" and "no man's land". This is large curators' project of Sabina Fogel (Germany) and Valeria Ibraeva (Kazakhstan), under which the German side has allocated very serious money. Idea of an exhibition was to show life of Central-Asian young, but also ancient states, by means of contemporary art. In an exposition were submitted the works of three Uzbek, five Kyrgyz and seventeen (!) Kazakhstan authors. The given figures, as it is written in the newspapers, speak for themselves. The individual and group sorties of the Kazakhstan artists "in rear of an enemy" were worthy summarized in the largest city of Europe and world. Under the certificate of the eyewitnesses, on this exhibition have reacted 14 German newspapers, there were made two teleplots and one broadcast. In all Berlin were stuck the posters of the Central-Asian festival including besides an exhibition music, cinema, literature and folklore. For the festival was issued the photoillustrated book of articles by German and Central-Asian culturologists. Kazakhstan represented by articles of Karin, V. Ibraeva, D. Safarova, S. Maslov and L. Pletnikova. At the opening of exhibition were present more than five hundred spectators. During exhibiting were carried out the exercises of master-class acquainting German children with far Kazakhstan. The greatest success at the visitors had the projects of G. Kiekbaeva's "Shymyldyk", S. Atabekov's "Supersoldier", E. Meldibekov's "Pol Pot", V. Tulkin's and T. Popov's " Experience of Cross ". They involved not only with unusual art decision or talented execution, but, first of all, by that in materials investigating life of the Kazakhstan society, "were transparent" common human problems. Tenacity of inert, enslaving the man rules in "Shymyldyk", threat of constant wars and violence which has hung above mankind in "Supersoldier" and "Pol Pot", youth criminality in "Experience of Cross".

The exhibition brightly has proved that West concerns with sincere respect to small, but talented group of the Kazakhstan artists.

All is very good and even perfectly. Except for Olympic indifference to these processes on the part of native state structures. The ministry of culture of Kazakhstan, I assume, does not guess at all about the above-stated. As it does not guess that it is possible, on an example of many countries rather caring about the image, to buy a place, i.e. pavilion in superleague of contemporary art. For example, at the Venetian Biennial- most prestigious forum demonstrating alternate years advanced boundaries of actual creativity. Due to the same total indifference is destroyed, the "Clay hero" of R. Khalfin is erased of the face of earth, and about that well-known American art-expert C. Akinsha has responded as about best in the post-Soviet space. Respected Museum named after A. Kasteev reluctantly takes the product of modern art even in a gift. Even it's impossible to dream about supplement in funds. About a museum of modern art at all corners talks owner of gallery V. Filatov, though he himself understands very much approximately about what is the speech. The special edition on art analyzing and provoking creativity is not present and also hundred years will not be - it's expensive. The Centre of Contemporary Art of Soros Fund, as it seems, soon will be closed. The galleries, with moving of capital into Astana, have lost last buyers. They did not buy the actual art, of course. But with money from the goods sold by gallery (not so modern, and even antiquarian) was though possible to carry out something interesting and new.

In the end I shall repeat – world is globalizing itself, the globe lives in one rhythm. At the best, fate of outsiders waits for those who don’t notice it. It’ll be sad, if really creative and the multidifficult efforts of our artists spending gift of God on de-provincialization of Kazakhstan, will not be appreciated in their home. We shall flog ourselves.

Irina Yuferova

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